AI芯視界

TopTenz---延長壽命的10種最佳科學
10. Elysium Health’s Basis Pill
9. Sirtuin
8. Young Blood
7. Cellular Compound
6. Telomerase
5. AMPK
4. Calico LLC
3. Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence Research Foundation
2. Bioprinting
1. The 2045 Initiative




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0:0010 Ways Science Could Extend Your Lifespan 0:0910. Elysium Health’s Basis Pill 0:13Leonard Guarente, a leading MIT biologist, with the backing of five Nobel Laureates, 0:18launched the start-up company Elysium Health in 2015. Their first pill, Basis, works at 0:24a cellular level and it enables the body to produce a natural compound called nicotinamide 0:28adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is an important compound that supports a healthy metabolism. 0:34The active ingredient in the blue pill is nicotinamide riboside, which is a substance 0:39that helps make NAD in the body. 0:41The tests have shown better health in older mice, but the problem with Basis is that there 0:45is no proof that it works in humans. Testing something like longevity in humans could take 0:49decades. So with that being said, Basis is available for sale through their website. 0:54If you take two gel caps a day, it will cost you $60 a month with a $50 membership. 0:599. Sirtuin

1:01Humans, like other mammals, have seven types of proteins in their bodies called sirtuins, 1:05or sir2, and they are labeled SIRT1 to SIRT7. Researchers aren’t exactly sure what they 1:11do, but there is some evidence that they may have a role in preventing chronic diseases 1:15like heart disease and cancer. An example of how sirtuins works is Resveratrol, which 1:19is the nutrient that is found in grape skins and red wine, and it has been known to help 1:23with heart health. It is believed to be beneficial because it may activate the SIRT1 gene, which 1:28makes more SIRT1 protein, and that protein helps the heart. 1:33In 2012, Scientists at Bar-Ilan University in Israel published a study about the use 1:38of SIRT6 on mice. Their study found that the males lived 16 percent longer than untreated 1:44mice. The females didn’t show the same results, and the researchers are unsure why exactly, 1:49but one possible reason that they speculated is that male mice have a higher rate of cancer, 1:53so the SIRT6 could work as a tumor suppressor, which would have a greater effect on the male 1:58population. While a lot of research still needs to be done, researchers are hopeful

2:02that SIRT6 or one of the other sirtuins may unlock the key to longevity. Until then, you 2:08may just have to drink red wine to activate SIRT1 so you can have a healthier heart. 2:138. Young Blood 2:15In the 1950s, Clive McCay of Cornell University did an experiment where he stitched together 2:20the circulatory system of two mice; an old one and a young one. To his surprise, he found 2:25that the cartilage in the older mice appeared to be younger than expected. Then in 2005, 2:29a team at Stanford University found that the young blood also helped repair the mice’s 2:33livers, skeletal systems, and they could repair muscle faster. What’s interesting is that 2:38when older blood was entered into younger mice, it looked like they were aging prematurely. 2:42Then in 2012, researchers at Harvard discovered that young blood in old mice meant less of 2:47a decline in the condition of their hearts. The conclusion that eventually grew out of 2:51this is that young blood has a rejuvenating effect on older mice, and that at least some 2:56mammals have some vampiric qualities. 2:58At first, researchers believed that young blood rejuvenated the body because of a protein

3:02in the plasma called growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), which decreases with age. 3:08Researchers believed blood transfusions with high levels of GDF11 may help slow the aging 3:13process, and in October of 2014, that theory was put to the test on Alzheimer’s patients 3:19and the results showed that GDF11 may not be responsible. While GDF11 hasn’t been 3:24eliminated, researchers are still looking into why young blood can affect the bodies 3:27of older people. 3:297. Cellular Compound 3:31Researchers have known for decades that some animals live longer and delay, or completely 3:35avoid, age related diseases like diabetes or cardiovascular disease if they eat less 3:40because of calorie and/or dietary restrictions. So you may be thinking you can just diet your 3:45way into a healthy, long life. The problem is that it has never really been proved that 3:49calorie restrictions help primates increase their life span. But researchers at the University 3:54of California believe that longevity from calorie restrictions may be a clue to slowing 3:58down the aging process. They believe that aging depends on compounds that are produced

4:03in cells by metabolic reactions known as metabolites and the molecules may be used to boost lifespan. 4:08To test their theory the researchers used nematode, which are millimeter-long worms 4:13that are often used in longevity tests. The first molecule they tried was called alpha-ketoglutarate 4:18(alpha-KG). The molecule helps in the metabolic cycle that extracts energy from food. When 4:24they added the alpha-KG to the culture dish that housed the worms, the worms lived 70% 4:29longer than the control worms and the worms’ deterioration was postponed, just like animals 4:34with like calorie restriction. 4:35The researchers point out that just because it worked in worms, it does not mean that 4:39it will work in humans, but the results are promising. 4:426. Telomerase 4:44As we age, the cells in our bodies start to show wear and tear, which can lead to cancer. 4:48So the body essentially turns off the old cells to avoid damage. Once they are turned 4:52off, one of two things happens: they die off and leave the body through waste, or they 4:57stay in the body in a senescent state. The problem is that the senescent cells pump out

5:01an odd protein that has a weird effect on surrounding cells and researchers think it 5:05is possible that these chemicals can lead to diseases that are age-related. 5:08What may help is gene therapy on the mechanisms that cause cells to go senescent. One of those 5:13the central mechanisms is the shortening of telomeres. Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences 5:18that are found on the ends of chromosomes and they act as protective caps. They are 5:22compared to caps at the end of shoelaces; it keeps the ends from fraying and sticking 5:27together. 5:27When a cell divides, the chromosomes double so that the daughter cells receive equal amounts 5:32of DNA. The telomere acts like a protective cap during the replication process, but they 5:37are shortened each time the chromosome duplicates. Eventually when there is not enough telomere 5:41left, the cell dies or becomes senescent. Researchers at the Spanish National Cancer 5:46Research Centre have found a way to induce cells to express more telomerase. In their 5:50tests, they found that mice that were treated at the age of one lived longer by 24 percent 5:54on average, and the mice that were treated at the age of two had their lives extended 5:59by 13 percent.

6:015. AMPK 6:03As we talked about in the last entry, one way we can combat aging is to address cellular 6:07debris, which can lead to age-related diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and 6:12other neurodegenerative disorders. One solution is simply to clear out the waste and this 6:17is exactly what researchers at UCLA are trying to accomplish. They have done tests on fruit 6:21flies where they activated a gene called AMPK. 6:24AMPK has a role in boosting autophagy, which is a physiological process that cleans the 6:30body of waste products. This led to less disease and extended the lives of the fruit flies 6:35by 30 percent. If a 75-year-old human were to get a 30 percent extension on life, they 6:40would live until the age of 97. That is over 22 additional healthy years of living. 6:464. Calico LLC 6:49In 2010, the UT Southwestern Medical Center identified the compound aminopropyl carbazole 6:54P7C3. The compound is a neuroprotective agent that improved brain functionality in rats

7:00and increased the survival of neurons in mouse models of Parkinson’s disease and ALS. Calico 7:05LLC, which was founded by Google in 2013 and is dedicated to longevity research, licensed 7:10the technology from Southwestern. 7:11They are developing a drug that is 7:23a Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) enhancer. NAMPT plays a major role in metabolism, 7:27mitochondrial integrity and cell survival. If they are successful, their drug could help 7:32people not only live longer, but live healthier lives as well. 7:363. Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence Research Foundation 7:40The Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS) Research Foundation’s goal is that 7:46they want to rid the world of age-related disease. The Foundation, which is led by biomedical 7:51gerontologist Aubrey de Grey, is trying to develop a series of techniques that would 7:55not only stop the aging process, but it would also rejuvenate bodies as well. De Grey has

8:00identified seven types of molecular and cellular damage caused by essential metabolic processes 8:05that happen in the body. His techniques involve a panel of treatments and a lot of them are 8:09actually technologies we have talked about in prior entries. The therapies treat many 8:13different areas associated with aging and they will also repair any damage that has 8:17been done. The seven steps are: 8:19RepleniSENS: Replacing lost cells OncoSENS: Making cancerous mutations harmless 8:23MitoSENS: Preventing damage from mitochondrial mutations 8:26ApoptoSENS: Removing dysfunctional cells GlycoSENS: Breaking extracellular crosslinks 8:31AmyloSENS: Removing junk from between cells LysoSENS: Clearing waste accumulations out 8:36of cells Obviously, this process is complicated and 8:39there is still a lot of work to be done, but De Grey believes that the first person who 8:42will reach the age of 1,000 is already alive today. 8:462. Bioprinting 8:48One of the faultiest parts of the human body is our organs. If one of them dies, or something 8:52goes wrong, it can kill the whole body. A solution to this problem is bioprinting, which 8:57is a technology that uses 3D printers to print new organs, tissue, and bones. Researchers

9:02at Carnegie Mellon University developed a bioprinting process called Freeform Reversible 9:07Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) that will hopefully make this sci-fi technology 9:13a reality. Through their process, they are able to print soft material inside a bath 9:17of supportive fluid that contains regular everyday gelatin powder. Then layer by layer, 9:22they print one gel inside another and these models would be used as “scaffolding” 9:27that will allow real tissue and organs to grow between the scaffolding. 9:31Eventually, once we can print organs, tissue, and bone, it would just be a matter of upgrading 9:35our bodies on a part by part basis or transferring our consciousness to a better, faster, stronger, 9:41and younger body. 9:421. The 2045 Initiative 9:45Famed futurist Ray Kurzweil believes that by the year 2045, humans and computers will 9:50reach singularity, meaning that computers will become more advanced than humankind and 9:54we will be able to upload our mind to a computer. It is believed that once we can upload our 9:59minds, then we will become immortal. Someone who has taken this idea and wants to bring

10:04it to fruition is Russian billionaire media mogul Dmitry Itskov. The main goal of his 10:092045 Initiative is to build advanced non-biological carriers (androids) that we will be able upload 10:15our consciousness to, similar to the movie Avatar. While this sounds like complete science-fiction, 10:20Itskov actually has a number of experts on board and even has the blessing of the Dalai 10:25Lama. 10:26There are four major milestones that the project is trying to hit. By 2020, they want to have 10:31the avatar technology available and in mainstream use. By 2025, they hope to be able to implant 10:37a human brain into the avatar. By 2035, they hope to be able to upload a brain into a robot, 10:43and Itskov believes that by 2045 we will be a new species because our bodies will be holograms. 10:48Before you get too excited about living forever as an avatar, we should point out that they 10:51do not have a working prototype for the avatar that is supposed to become mainstream by 2020, 10:57so it may be a while before we evolve to our next life form.


0:00 10种科学可以延长你的寿命 0:09 10.极乐世界健康的基础丸 0:13伦纳德·瓜伦特，领先的麻省理工学院的生物学家，有五个诺贝尔奖得主的后盾， 0:18推出的初创公司极乐世界健康在2015年他们的第一个药丸，依据，工作在 0:24细胞水平，它能使人体产生名为烟酰胺一种天然化合物 0:28腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD），这是支持健康代谢的重要化合物。 0:34在蓝色药片的活性成分是烟酰胺核糖核苷，其是物质 0:39这有助于使NAD在体内。 0:41测试已在老年小鼠中所示更好的健康，但与基础的问题是，有 0:45没有证据表明它在人类。在人体测试类似的长寿可能需要 0:49几十年。所以，他这样说，基础可以通过他们的网站出售。 0:54如果你采取两种胶帽，一天它会花费你每月$ 60与$ 50的成员。 0:59 9.的Sirtuin

1:01人类，像其他哺乳动物一样，有七种类型在他们的身体的蛋白质被称为沉默调节蛋白， 1:05或SIR2，并且它们被标为SIRT1到SIRT7。研究人员还不能完全确定他们 1:11做的，但也有一些证据表明，它们可能在预防慢性疾病中起作用 1:15如心脏疾病和癌症。如何sirtuins的作品一个例子就是白藜芦醇，它 1:19 ]是在葡萄皮和红葡萄酒中发现的营养，而且已经知道，以帮助 1:23与心脏健康。它被认为是有益的，因为它可激活SIRT1基因，其 1:28使更多的SIRT1蛋白质，蛋白质可以帮助心脏。 1:33 2012年，在以色列巴伊兰大学的科学家发表了关于利用研究 1:38对小鼠SIRT6。他们的研究发现，男性长住16％比未处理 1:44老鼠。女性没有表现出相同的结果，而研究人员不能确定到底为什么， 1:49但是，他们推测一个可能的原因是，雄性小鼠具有癌症率较高， 1:53所以SIRT6可以工作作为肿瘤抑制，这将具有在阳的影响更大 1:58人口。虽然大量的研究仍然需要做的事情，研究人员希望

2:02该SIRT6或其他沉默调节蛋白的一个可解开长寿的关键。到那时，你 2:08可能只是有喝红葡萄酒，以激活SIRT1所以你可以有一个健康的心脏。 2:13 8.热血青年 2:15在20世纪50年代，美国康奈尔大学的克莱夫·麦凯做了一个实验，他缝合在一起 2:20两只小鼠的循环系统;旧的和年轻的。令他惊讶的是，他发现 2:25 ，在老年小鼠软骨似乎是年龄小于预期。然后在2005年， 2:29一支球队在斯坦福大学研究发现，年轻的血液还帮助修复了小鼠的 2:33肝脏，骨骼系统，他们可以更快速修复肌肉。有趣的是， 2:38当旧的血液进入到年轻老鼠，它看起来像他们过早老化。 2:42然后在2012年，研究人员在美国哈佛大学发现，热血青年在老年小鼠意味着较少的 2:47在他们心中的状态下降。最终脱胎于的结论 2:51这是一个年轻的血液，对年纪较大的老鼠恢复活力的效果，至少有一些 2:56哺乳动物有一些吸血鬼气质。 2:58首先，研究人员认为，年轻血液恢复活力，因为蛋白质的体

3:02在等离子体称为生长分化因子11（GDF11），其随着年龄的增长而减小。 3:08研究人员认为，与高水平的GDF11输血可能有助于延缓衰老 3:13过程中，并在2014年10月，该理论考验的阿尔茨海默氏症患者 3:19其结果表明，GDF11可能不负责。而GDF11尚未 3:24淘汰，研究人员仍在寻找到为什么热血青年可以影响机构 3:27中老年人。 3:29 7.蜂窝复合 3:31研究人员已经知道几十年来，一些动物活得更长，延迟或完全 3:35避免与年龄有关的疾病，如糖尿病或心血管疾病，如果他们吃得少 3:40因为热量和/或饮食限制的。所以，你可能会想你可以你的饮食习惯 3:45进入一个健康，寿命长。的问题是，它从未真正被证明 3:49限制热量有助于增加灵长类动物的寿命。但大学的研究人员 3:54加州认为，从热量限制的长寿可能是一个线索放缓 3:58衰老过程。他们认为衰老依赖于所产生的化合物

4:03在由被称为代谢物和分子的代谢反应的细胞可以用来提高寿命。 4:08为了验证他们的理论研究人员使用线虫，这是毫米长的虫子 4:13这常常在长寿试验中使用。他们尝试的第一个分子被称为α-酮戊二酸 4:18 （字母KG）。在分子有助于从食品中提取能量的代谢循环。什么时候 4:24他们补充α-KG到安置蠕虫培养皿，蠕虫住70％ 4:29比对照蠕虫和蠕虫的恶化不再被推迟，就像动物 4:34像热量限制。 4:35研究人员指出，只是因为它在蠕虫的工作，这并不意味着 4:39将在人类中工作，但其结果是有希望的。 4:42 6.端粒酶 4:44随着年龄增长，在我们的身体的细胞开始显示磨损，这可能导致癌症。 4:48所以身体基本上是关闭旧电池，以避免损坏。一旦被接通 4:52关，两种情况之一发生：他们死了，并通过废物不离身，或者他们 4:57留在身体处于衰老状态。问题是，在衰老细胞泵出

5:01这对周围的细胞一个奇怪的效果，研究人员认为它一个奇怪的蛋白质 5:05是可能的，这些化学品可导致一些年龄相关的疾病。 5:08有什么可以帮助是导致细胞衰老走机制基因治疗。其中一个