AI芯視界

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該視頻展示了氯化鈉氧化還原液流電池或 RFP 在可再生能源存儲方面的優勢。 由於鋰和釩等材料的局限性，食鹽由於其豐富的元素鈉和鐵而成為基本上無限的替代品。 鹽水電池已經存在，至少有兩種其他鐵通量變體正在開發中，它們比競爭對手更耐用且便宜得多。 與鋰離子電池相比，液流電池便宜得多，並且具有可以降低或消除火災風險的化學物質。


Q:在可再生能源存儲方面，液流電池與鋰離子電池有何區別？
Chat YouTube:
液流電池比用於可再生能源存儲的鋰離子電池便宜得多。 此外，某些液流電池化學物質可以降低甚至消除火災風險。 鋰離子電池重量輕且結構緊湊，而液流電池往往體積較大且不便於攜帶。 液流電池本身也具有可擴展性，這意味著它們可以根據需要輕鬆放大或縮小。


Q:液流電池如何降低或消除火災風險？
Chat YouTube:
與鋰離子電池相比，某些液流電池化學物質，例如使用鹽水電解質的化學物質，可以降低甚至消除火災風險。 這是因為液流電池電解液一般不易燃，液流電池中發生的電化學反應不會產生過多的熱量。 此外，液流電池旨在降低短路和過熱的風險。


Q:如果氯化鈉氧化還原液流電池被廣泛用於可再生能源存儲，它會是什麼樣子
Chat YouTube:
如果氯化鈉氧化還原液流電池被廣泛用於可再生能源存儲，它可能會帶來很多好處。 首先，它將通過將多餘的能量存儲在電池中以備日後無陽光或無風時使用來解決可再生能源間歇性問題。 此外，它還可以通過允許可再生能源滿足我們更大一部分的能源需求，減少對化石燃料發電的依賴。 此外，由於液流電池比鋰離子電池便宜得多，並且使用豐富的無毒材料（例如氯化鈉），這可能有助於使可再生能源對消費者來說更實惠。 最終，這可能導致全球更多地採用可再生能源並減少溫室氣體排放，這對於應對氣候變化非常重要。


Q:液流電池有哪幾種
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液流電池是一種能夠儲存大量電能的電池技術。
目前，主要有以下幾種類型的液流電池：
1. 釩液流電池（Vanadium Redox Flow Battery，VRB）：使用釩離子在電解液中傳遞電荷來儲存電能。
2. 鐵鉻液流電池（Iron Chromium Redox Flow Battery）：使用鐵離子和鉻離子在電解液中相互轉化來儲存電能。
3. 鋰離液流電池（Lithium Ion Flow Battery）：使用類似於鋰離子電池的化學反應，但是電荷在電解液中流動。
4. 鋅氧液流電池（Zinc Air Flow Battery）：使用氧氣和鋅在電解液中形成的化學反應來儲存電能。
5. 鈉離液流電池（Sodium Ion Flow Battery）：使用鈉離子在電解液中流動來儲存電能。
以上是目前液流電池常用的幾種類型，每種電池都有其優缺點和適用場景。


Q:鹽水電池如何運作
Chat YouTube:
鹽水電池，也稱為液流電池，是利用兩個電化學池之間的質子交換轉化化學能為電能的一種電池。
其基本運作原理如下：
1. 鹽水電池中有兩個電解槽，一個正極和一個負極。這些電極由兩個液體介質分開，由於這些介質是不混合的，它們形成了一個界面壓力使得它們保持在互相分離的狀態。
2. 當電解質在電解槽之間流動時，它們發生化學反應。在電解液中，一種化學物質會被氧化成為正離子，同時另一種則會被還原為負離子。
3. 這兩種化學物質在電池內部的兩個不同電解槽中被分配。此時，電子從氧化的自由離子中流向還原的自由離子，從而產生電流。
4. 當需要釋放電池內的能量時，鹽水電池中的化學離子會在兩個電解槽之間交換，從而釋放能量。
5. 當需要再次儲存能量時，電池就需要反復進行充電，將自由離子還原成為化學物質。
總之， 鹽水電池利用離子在電解液中的轉移來存儲、釋放和轉換化學能為電能。與其他電池不同，它們能夠在通常情況下使用相對較便宜的材料製造，也更為環保和安全。


this video is brought to you by incognate there's no shortage of potential solutions to the world's critical need for renewable energy storage but there is a shortage of accessible and cheap resources to use for those Solutions with the limitations of materials like lithium and Vanadium in mind it's logical to look for Alternatives that are basically Limitless how about regular run-of-the-mill salt just a little sodium chloride actually dude it's solved that's what I said sodium chloride redox flow batteries or rfps can exploit the abundance of elements like sodium and iron one US company already has salt water batteries ready to go with at least two others developing iron flow variations built effectively to run on Rust they promise to last longer and be far cheaper than the competition so what happens if we go with the flow I'm Matt Farrell welcome to undecided [Music] before we get into why regular old salt maybe a winning ingredient to our energy storage needs it's important to understand what it's up against two major problems hold back renewable energy intermittency and curtailment you could sum it up as being an issue of feast or famine we can't rely on the forces of sunshine and wind 24 7 and at the same time without proper infrastructure we lose out on a lot of power when Supply overtakes demand to complete the renewable energy transition and cheapen energy for everybody we need long-term storage for Excess power and that's where grid storage systems come into play Lithium-ion batteries are a popular powerful option but they can be unstable both in the cost of materials and on a chemical level it's just not feasible to rely on lithium-ion as the primary storage option by comparison flow batteries are a lot cheaper and some chemistries can lower or even eliminate the risk of fire ultimately each approach serves its own purpose generally speaking Lithium-ion batteries are light and compact flow batteries tend to be broken that said they're inherently scalable in ways that lithium-ion isn't now we've covered flow batteries before both Vanadium and bromine but if RFB sounds more like a music genre than a battery to you here's a quick rundown of how they work a redox flow battery or RFB takes the form of two tanks a catholite and an analyte now these tanks surround a chamber that split down the middle and the liquid electrolytes flow from the tanks into either side the process of reduction oxidation also known as redox since the electrons from the catholite to the analyte when the battery is being charged and the reverse happens when the battery is being discharged when it comes to the design a major Edge that rfps offer is the direct control over their energy and storage capacities as long as you have enough electrolyte you can theoretically increase the storage as much as you want by increasing the size of the tanks and if you increase the number of electrode cell Stacks or the middle bit between the tanks that means more power there's an overwhelming number of variations in RFB electrolyte but Vanadium is currently the gold or maybe the rainbow standard it has the capacity to exist in multiple oxidation states which allows Vanadium rfbs to function with fewer electroactive components as a result of how the redox reaction works out vrfbs last longer relative to other chemistries for more detailed look at the science behind this you can check out our previous video on it here's where Vanadium like just pretty much everything else runs into trouble and that's costs the element is notorious for its price volatility it's one of the most used materials in the industrial sector like alloying steel so vanadium's Beauty and flexibility does not come cheap according to a 2016 study the chemicals needed for vrfbs can represent nearly 60 percent of the overall cost of the system newer research shows that the prices have only gone up a 2021 study by the University of California Irvine found that electrolyte using Vanadium pentoxide accounted for a whopping 80 percent of a vrfb's total cost now here's where things get salty us-based company infinity turbine has proposed its cell Gen X flow battery is an answer to this problem it functions the same way as any other RFB does except one of its tanks contains chlorine gas dissolved into a proprietary electrolyte and the other is full of nothing but good old sodium chloride and water in the company's words it's just add water but with salt now the source could be the ocean geothermal brine power plant cooling ponds you get the idea now before I get into what makes this salt battery so special I'd like to think incogni for sponsoring this portion of today's video I've mentioned this before but I signed up for a newsletter from a small online retailer and after I did I saw a major increase in the number of promotional emails that I was receiving from companies that I've never heard of and that's because they sold my information to a data broker I'm sure you've experienced it too and cognit can help you with this we have the right to request that data Brokers delete our information but it takes a lot of time and effort I signed up for incognity gave them the legal right to work on my behalf and then just sat back and relaxed you'll see updates on your account for which data Brokers they've sent legal requests to and which ones have complied it couldn't be easier I've been letting incogni stay on top of this for me for quite a while now and I'm very happy with the results I've noticed a difference if you want to take back some of the control around who has access to your personal information giving Cockney a try the first 100 people to use the code undecided the link below will get 60 off in cognity thanks to incognate and to all of you for supporting the channel now back to a very salty battery now as you might expect taking advantage of the ubiquity of salt water means saving a lot of money a 2022 US Department of energy study estimates that depending on the acid and grade of the Vanadium used vrfb electrolytes can cost between 105 and 180 per kilowatt hour meanwhile salgenex claims that the cost of its batteries electrolytes is less than five dollars per kilowatt hour as for how the celgenex battery Stacks up to existing products on the market infinity turbine claims that it's less expensive to acquire and faster to deploy than the Tesla mega pack but notes that the mega pack involves less moving parts but the saltonx battery does have a simplified configuration relative to other flow batteries and unlike most types of rfps the salginx battery has no membrane separating the electrode instead they take advantage of the natural immiscibility of the electrolytes fluids to keep the components separated think oil and water on its website infinity turbine argues that the cell gen X's lack of a membrane saves huge upfront purchase costs maintenance and consumable expenses the idea does hold water that's because the batteries typically rely on ION permeable membranes to limit what's known as crossover it's a crossover which can tank the battery's capacity and these membranes also play a big role in the voltage and Energy Efficiency of the RFB striking this delicate balance is pricey to put these costs into perspective a 2014 study found that the ion exchange membranes were undoubtedly an expensive component of the flow batteries with their calculated price coming out to several times more than the battery's plates and electrodes they estimated the future cost the membranes would drop significantly but the cost range was still much higher relative to the rest of the battery's parts economics aren't the only thing that South Nexus battery has going for it according to their website they list saltwater flow batteries round-trip efficiency at 91 which is impressive and on par with many lithium-ion battery chemistries the company also advertises an energy density of 125.7 Watt hours per liter but it is important to note that's markedly less than the average energy density of a lithium-based battery regardless of what kind figures from the U.S national renewable energy laboratory or nrel between Lithium ion phosphate lithium nickel Cobalt aluminum and lithium nickel manganese Cobalt you're looking at energy densities from at least 210 Watt hours per liter to as high as 600 watt hours per liter however infinity turbine has unique applications in store in March the company revealed its ongoing development of a desalination system that uses the celgenex battery with this Tech the same movement of ions between the electrodes that generates power would also produce fresh water at the same time now this has big implications for places like cruise ship liners cargo ships and military bases and just this month the company announced that the salginx redox process can also be adapted to produce graphene for example the fiberglass and carbon fiber fabrication industry could essentially use esselgenex battery as both a source of power and a graphene making machine infinity turbine claims the savings would be serious cutting the cost of graphene from an average of 100 to 400 a gram to 1.25 cents a gram but take that with a grain of salt because that still has to be proven out another American company is also experimenting with saltwater FBS and if you've seen our previous video on floating solar it's doing so in a very familiar place in February ESS and iron salt battery manufacturer announced its collaboration with the Turlock Irrigation District a california-based utility as part of project Nexus the district's initiative is to install solar panels over the state's irrigation canals ess's batteries will provide long duration energy storage the plan is to finish Construction in 2024 ESS will also be installing iron flow battery facilities in Sacramento California as part of a collaboration with the Sacramento Municipal Utility District starting this year so what makes ess's energy Warehouse batteries so special well like cell genex's battery it operates with a saltwater electrolyte but it's using iron salts in the water instead which is particularly advantageous because iron is at least two orders of magnitude more Bountiful than Vanadium we're talking about a crustal abundance of about 52 000 parts per million compared to 138. on top of that Vanadium is more difficult to substitute and remember we really like it for our steel production now in contrast the ferrous chloride that's present in the energy Warehouse electrolyte can actually be produced from steel making waste the chemical cocktail and iron flow batteries has the potential to make use of the dregs that's left behind what steel makers call pickle liquor which sounds like something you'd be drinking while playing pickleball now so ironically what makes Vanadium expensive and difficult to obtain is exactly why iron can be so easy to use in rfps where Vanadium electrolyte represent as much as 80 percent of a flow battery's costs iron electrolyte makes up only about four percent now iron flow batteries are also non-toxic which is obviously very helpful in light of the high toxicity of vanadium oxides now ESS claims that its energy Warehouse reduces or eliminates the need for hazardous permits for transport HVAC fire suppression and end-of-life Disposal planning this is consistent with the conveniences of other flow batteries that use water-based electrolytes like zinc bromine and just like other rfps iron salts and salt water batteries allow for higher degree of safety in comparison with lithium ion you don't worry about thermal runaway when a battery just isn't flammable in the first place as for longevity both the energy warehouse and celgenex boast a life expectancy of about 25 years the energy Warehouse also knocks other batteries out of the park in terms of cycle life and broadly speaking the number of cycles of lithium-ion battery can last is usually limited to just over one thousand to two thousand Cycles zinc bromine batteries can last up to about 5000 cycles and ESS holds that energy Warehouse can last for over 20 000 Cycles that's truly the battery that just keeps on going the duration is another leg up that ESS claims over lithium-ion which translates into lower costs the company estimates that past the four hour storage duration Mark its iron flow batteries remain cheaper than lithium-ion all the way up to their maximum of 12 hours when you take all of this into account you can see why a lot of people are excited about the potential for salt and iron in rfps readily available materials that are cheap and safe which could help answer the growing demand for energy storage and not to get salty here but when someone says to me just go fill in your favorite tech here like just go nuclear just go solar just go whatever it is it drives me a little nuts there's not one energy storage or generation option to rule them all here we need a wide array of options to satisfy all the different use cases that we have and this salty one may be a great one to add to the mix even if it's just for flavor so what do you think jump in the comments and let me know and be sure to check out my follow-up podcast still to be determined we'll be discussing some of your feedback and thanks to all my patrons who get ad-free versions of every video and a welcome to New supporter plus member dryfrog and thanks to all of you for watching see in the next one